Contrary to Popular Belief, More Exercise Is Not Always Better

Rochester, MN, August 12, 2014 /3BL Media/ – There is strong epidemiological evidence of the importance of regular physical activity, such as brisk walking and jogging, in the management and rehabilitation of cardiovascular disease and in lowering the risk of death from other diseases such as hypertension, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans recommends about 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity exercise or about 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity exercise. But there is clear evidence of an increase in cardiovascular deaths in heart attack survivors who exercise to excess, according to a new study published in Mayo Clinic Proceedings.

Paul T. Williams, PhD, of the Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, and Paul D. Thompson, MD, of the Department of Cardiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, studied the relationship between exercise and cardiovascular disease-related deaths in about 2,400 physically active heart attack survivors. They conducted a prospective long-term study using the National Walkers’ and Runners’ Health Studies databases. This study confirmed previous reports indicating that the cardiovascular benefits for walking and running were equivalent, as long as the energy expenditures were the same (although when walking, as compared to running, it will take about twice as long to burn the same number of calories).

Remarkable dose-dependent reductions in deaths from cardiovascular events of up to 65% were seen among patients who were running less than 30 miles or walking less than 46 miles per week. Beyond this point however much of the benefit of exercise was lost, in what is described as a reverse J-curve pattern.

“These analyses provide what is to our knowledge the first data in humans demonstrating a statistically significant increase in cardiovascular risk with the highest levels of exercise,” say Williams and Thompson. “Results suggest that the benefits of running or walking do not accrue indefinitely and that above some level, perhaps 30 miles per week of running, there is a significant increase in risk. Competitive running events also appear to increase the risk of an acute event.” However, they point out that “our study population consisted of heart attack survivors and so the findings cannot be readily generalized to the entire population of heavy exercisers.”

In the same issue, investigators in Spain report on a meta-analysis of ten cohort studies aimed at providing an accurate overview of mortality in elite athletes. The studies included over 42,000 top athletes (707 women) who had participated in a range of sports including football, baseball, track and field, and cycling, including Olympic level athletes and participants in the Tour de France.

“What we found on the evidence available was that elite athletes (mostly men) live longer than the general population, which suggests that the beneficial health effects of exercise, particularly in decreasing cardiovascular disease and cancer risk, are not necessarily confined to moderate doses,” comments senior investigator Alejandro Lucia, MD, PhD, of the European University Madrid, Spain. “More research is needed however, using more homogeneous cohorts and a more proportional representation of both sexes.”

“Extrapolation of the data from the current Williams and Thompson study to the general population would suggest that approximately one out of twenty people is overdoing exercise,” comments James H. O'Keefe, MD, from the Mid America Heart Institute in Kansas City, MO, and first author of an editorial on “Exercising for Health and Longevity versus Peak Performance: Different Regimens for Different Goals,” which appears in the same issue. Along with co-authors Carl “Chip” Lavie, MD, and Barry Franklin, PhD, he explains that “we have suggested the term ‘cardiac overuse injury’ for this increasingly common consequence of the ‘more exercise is better’ strategy.” Even so, these authors state that about 10 out of every twenty people are not getting the minimum recommended amount of physical activity (>150 minutes/week of moderate exercise).

O’Keefe, Franklin and Lavie point out that a weekly cumulative dose of vigorous exercise of not more than about five hours has been identified in several studies to be the safe upper range for long-term cardiovascular health and life expectancy, and that it may also be beneficial to take one or two days a week off from vigorous exercise, and to refrain from high-intensity exercise on an everyday basis. They propose that individuals from either end of the exercise spectrum (sedentary people and over-exercisers) would probably reap long-term health benefits by changing their physical activity levels to be in the moderate range.

“For patients with heart disease, almost all should be exercising, and generally most should be exercising 30-40 minutes most days, but from a health stand-point, there is no reason to exercise much longer than that and especially not more than 60 minutes on most days,” says Lavie, who is a cardiologist at the John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, New Orleans, LA. “As Hippocrates said more than 2,000 years ago, ‘if we could give every individual the right amount of nourishment and exercise, not too little and not too much, we would have found the safest way to health.’ I and my co-authors believe this assessment continues to provide wise guidance,” he concludes.

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Notes for editors
“Increased Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Associated With Excessive Exercise in Heart Attack Survivors,” by Paul T. Williams, PhD; and Paul D. Thompson, MD (DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.05.006).

“Elite Athletes Live Longer Than the General Population: A Meta-Analysis,” by Nuria Garatachea, PhD; Alejandro Santos-Lozano, PhD; Fabian Sanchis-Gomar, MD, PhD; Carmen Fiuza-Luces, PhD; Helios Pareja-Galeano, MSc; Enzo Emanuele, MD, PhD; and Alejandro Lucia, MD, PhD (DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.06.004).  

“Editorial: Exercising for Health and Longevity versus Peak Performance: Different Regimens for Different Goals,” by James H. O'Keefe, MD; Barry Franklin, PhD; and Carl J. Lavie, MD. (DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.07.007).

All three articles appear online (openly available) in Mayo Clinic Proceedings in advance of Volume 89, Issue 9 (September, 2014), published by Elsevier.

Full text of the articles is available to credentialed journalists upon request. Contact Rachael Zaleski at +1 215 239 3658 or mcpmedia@elsevier.com to obtain copies. To view the accompanying video go to http://youtu.be/InW9N9QgHIY.

Journalists wishing to interview the authors may contact:

Dr. Paul T. Williams at +1 510 508 2829 or ptwilliams@lbl.gov
Dr. Nuria Garatachea at nugarata@unizar.es
Dr. James H. O'Keefe at +1 913 226 7453 or jokeefe@saint-lukes.org

About Mayo Clinic Proceedings
The flagship journal of Mayo Clinic and one of the premier peer-reviewed clinical journals in general medicine, Mayo Clinic Proceedings is among the most widely read and highly cited scientific publications for physicians, with a circulation of approximately 125,000. While the Journal is sponsored by Mayo Clinic, it welcomes submissions from authors worldwide, publishing articles that focus on clinical medicine and support the professional and educational needs of its readers.

About Mayo Clinic
Mayo Clinic is a nonprofit worldwide leader in medical care, research, and education for people from all walks of life. For more information visit www.mayoclinic.org/about and www.mayoclinic.org/news.

About Elsevier
Elsevier is a world-leading provider of information solutions that enhance the performance of science, health, and technology professionals, empowering them to make better decisions, deliver better care, and sometimes make groundbreaking discoveries that advance the boundaries of knowledge and human progress. Elsevier provides web-based, digital solutions — among them ScienceDirect, Scopus, Elsevier Research Intelligence, and ClinicalKey — and publishes nearly 2,200 journals, including The Lancet and Cell, and over 25,000 book titles, including a number of iconic reference works.

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Media contact
Rachael Zaleski
Elsevier
+1 215 239 3658
mcpmedia@elsevier.com